ci: Run some jobs on Node.js 24

[Mrtenz]

Explanation

ESLint consistently runs 40-50 seconds faster on Node.js 24 compared to Node.js 22. I've updated CI to run all jobs that are currently running on Node.js 22 to run on Node.js 24. Once we drop support for Node.js 18 we can do #8499 instead.

References

Checklist

• I've updated the test suite for new or updated code as appropriate
• I've updated documentation (JSDoc, Markdown, etc.) for new or updated code as appropriate
• I've communicated my changes to consumers by updating changelogs for packages I've changed
• I've introduced breaking changes in this PR and have prepared draft pull requests for clients and consumer packages to resolve them

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Note

Low Risk
CI-only changes that primarily adjust Node versions; main risk is unexpected job failures due to Node.js 24/runtime dependency incompatibilities.

Overview
Updates .github/workflows/lint-build-test.yml to add Node.js 24 to the prepare matrix and switch the lint, validate-changelog, build, and test-scripts jobs from Node.js 22 to Node.js 24.

The per-workspace test job matrix remains on 18.x/20.x/22.x, so Node 24 is added for faster tooling runs without changing the main test coverage matrix.

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[mcmire]

LGTM!